By theorizing gender identity as a biopolitical discourse that produces trans subjects, the article genealogically examines the problematization of “gender identity” in Finnish welfare population governance practices leading up to the 2003 Finnish gender recognition law. It argues that rights and recognition may not only reinscribe regulation, but also they are a means of rendering trans subjects governable. Drawing on feminist and queer debates on the entanglement of recognition with governmentalization, this article moves beyond a human rights frame to examine how struggles for legal gender recognition are bound up with the production and discipline of trans subjectivities, bodies, and relationships. In many countries, compulsory sterilization is still a precondition for amending juridical sex. On the other hand, we find trends in the opposite direction in declining shares of funding for general operating costs, leadership training, and coalition building for groups engaged in political advocacy-trends that may weaken the ability of gender equality organizations to promote enduring change. On the one hand, we find that the share of funding for organizations and issues that have a political advocacy component has held steady in the past decade. We argue that there are reasons for both optimism and concern.
We study the empirical evidence for this critique, examining funding trends internationally in the areas of capacity building, issue framing, and coalition forming from 2002 to 2013. In what ways, we ask, has foundation funding attempted to promote the empowerment of women and girls? An important critique has emerged among scholars and practitioners that funding practices often undermine women's activism and movements. private foundations provide significant and varied kinds of support for women and girls globally, we know little about the scope of foundation giving or its effects.
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